The association between pre-existing heart failure and cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer are some of the most recognized causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in heart failure (HF) populations. Recent studies have hypothesized that HF might promote the development and progression of cancer. We aim to analyze and discuss the most recent evidence on the relationship between HF and cancer development. METHODS: From inception to November 2022, we searched PubMed, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant articles on patients with HF and a subsequent cancer diagnosis that reported outcomes of overall and site-specific cancer incidence, or mortality. RESULTS: Of 2401 articles identified in our original search, 13 articles met our criteria. Studies reporting risk rate estimates were summarized qualitatively. Studies reporting hazard ratios (HRs), or relative risks were combined in a meta-analysis and revealed that HF was associated with an increased overall cancer incidence with a HR=1.30(95%CI:1.04-1.62) compared with individuals without HF. Subgroup analyses by cancer type revealed increased risk for lung cancer (HR=1.87;95%CI:1.28-2.73), gastrointestinal cancer (HR=1.22;95%CI:1.03-1.45), hematologic cancer (HR=1,60;95%CI:1.23-2.08) and female reproductive cancer (HR=1.67;95%CI:1,27-2.21). Mortality from cancer was higher in HF patients compared with non-HF subjects with a HR=2.17 (95%CI:1,23-3.84). CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that HF may result in a subsequent increase in cancer incidence as well as in cancer-related mortality. The most common cancer subtypes in HF patients were lung, female reproductive system, and hematologic cancers. Further research is needed to understand this association better and to provide the best cardiological and oncological care.

Interventional cardiology in cancer patients: A position paper from the Portuguese Cardiovascular Intervention Association and the Portuguese Cardio-Oncology Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology.

The field of Cardio-Oncology has grown significantly, especially during the last decade. While awareness of cardiotoxicity due to cancer disease and/or therapies has greatly increased, much of the attention has focused on myocardial systolic disfunction and heart failure. However, coronary and structural heart disease are also a common issue in cancer patients and encompass the full spectrum of cardiotoxicity. While invasive percutaneous or surgical intervention, either is often needed or considered in cancer patients, limited evidence or guidelines are available for dealing with coronary or structural heart disease. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions consensus document published in 2016 is the most comprehensive document regarding this particular issue, but relevant evidence has emerged since, which render some of its considerations outdated. In addition to that, the recent 2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology only briefly discuss this topic. As a result, the Portuguese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and the Cardio-Oncology Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology have partnered to produce a position paper to address the issue of cardiac intervention in cancer patients, focusing on percutaneous techniques. A brief review of available evidence is provided, followed by practical considerations. These are based both on the literature as well as accumulated experience with these types of patients, as the authors are either interventional cardiologists, cardiologists with experience in the field of Cardio-Oncology, or both.

Diastolic function assessment with left atrial strain in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Survivors of childhood cancer might be at increased risk of diastolic dysfunction at follow-up due to exposure to cardiotoxic treatment. Although assessment of diastolic function is challenging in this relatively young population, left atrial strain might provide a novel insight in this evaluation. Our aim was to examine diastolic function in a cohort of long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by using left atrial strain and conventional echocardiographic parameters. METHODS: Long-term survivors who were diagnosed at a single center between 1985 and 2015 and a control group of healthy siblings were recruited. Conventional diastolic function parameters and atrial strain were compared, and the latter was measured during the 3 atrial phases: reservoir (PALS), conduit (LACS) and contraction (PACS). Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to account for differences between the groups. RESULTS: We analyzed 90 survivors (age, 24.6±9.7 years, time since diagnosis 18 [11-26] years) and 58 controls. PALS and LACS were significantly reduced compared with the control group: 46.4±11.2 vs 52.1±11.7; P=.003 and 32.5±8.8 vs 38.2±9.3; P=.003, respectively. Conventional diastolic parameters and PACS were similar between the groups. The reductions in PALS and LACS were associated with exposure to cardiotoxic treatment in age- and sex-adjusted analysis (≥ moderate risk, low risk, controls): 45.4±10.5, 49.5±12.9, 52.1±11.7; Padj=.003, and 31.7±9.0, 35.2±7.5, 38.2±9.3; Padj=.001, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term childhood leukemia survivors showed a subtle impairment of diastolic function that was detected with atrial strain but not with conventional measurements. This impairment was more pronounced in those with higher exposure to cardiotoxic treatment.

Nursing interventions for adult patients undergoing cancer cardiotoxic therapy: Scoping review.

PURPOSE: To identify nursing interventions for the management of adult patients undergoing cardiotoxic oncologic therapy. METHODS: This scoping review was performed in accordance with the JBI guidelines. The literature search took place between July and August 2022. Studies examining interventions for the management of adult cancer patients undergoing cardiotoxic therapy were included. The characteristics and results of the studies were synthesized and analyzed in a narrative way. FINDINGS: In the nine included studies, it was verified that the interventions were implemented to guide the actions of the health team in general rather than specifically nursing staff. Nine nursing interventions related to the Classification of Nursing Interventions were included. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing interventions identified focused on rigorous cardiovascular surveillance, risk assessment, and actions to identify and mitigate cardiotoxicity. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: It is believed that the implementation of the identified nursing interventions will lead to evidence-based nursing practice and will contribute to the development of care products and processes that assess the cardiological risks and cardiotoxicity.

OBJETIVO: Identificar as intervenções de enfermagem no manejo de pacientes adultos submetidos à terapia oncológica cardiotóxica. MÉTODOS: Revisão de escopo seguindo a JBI. A busca da literatura ocorreu entre julho e agosto de 2022. Foram incluídos estudos que abordam intervenções para o manejo de pacientes adultos oncológicos submetidos à terapia cardiotóxica. As características e resultados foram sintetizados e analisados de forma narrativa. RESULTADOS: Nos nove estudos incluídos, verificou-se que as intervenções foram direcionadas às ações da equipe de saúde, em geral, e não àquelas específicas da enfermagem. A partir da literatura, foram identificadas nove intervenções de enfermagem relacionadas à Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem. CONCLUSÕES: As intervenções de enfermagem identificadas direcionaram-se para vigilância cardiovascular rigorosa, avaliação de risco e ações para identificar e mitigar a cardiotoxicidade. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA DE ENFERMAGEM: Acredita-se que a implementação das intervenções identificadas proporcionará uma prática de enfermagem baseada em evidências e contribuirá para o desenvolvimento de produtos e processos assistenciais que avaliem os riscos cardiológicos e a cardiotoxicidade.

Inhibidores de bruton tirosina quinasa. ¿Qué necesita saber el oncohematólogo y el cardiólogo? / Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors. What does the oncohematologist and the cardiologist need to know?

Resumen Los avances en el conocimiento incorporados en la última década han modificado en gran parte el paradigma del tratamiento de las enfermedades hematológicas malignas. Particularmente la intro ducción de los inhibidores de la Bruton tirosina quinasa (iBTK) y otras drogas blanco junto a nuevos anticuerpos monoclonales se han transformado en los agentes de elección, tanto para la leucemia linfática crónica (LLC) como para otros linfomas "B" periféricos como el linfoma de células del manto (LCM). Los resultados de eficacia frente a la terapia genotóxica son tan exitosos que el fin de la quimio inmunoterapia, sobre todo para la LLC, es ya un postulado reconocido por los principales grupos de investigación. Por otra parte, los nuevos fármacos modificaron el perfil de eventos adversos lo que obligó al desarrollo de nuevas subespecialidades como la cardio-oncología, la cual constituye actualmente un baluarte para el manejo racional de estos pacientes. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo destacar el estado actual del conocimiento sobre estas enfermedades, los principios farmacológicos junto a los nuevos eventos adversos de los iBTK y el invalorable aporte de la cardiología para un correcto tratamiento y control de estos pacientes.

Abstract Advances in knowledge incorporated in the last decade have modified the treatment paradigm in most of the malignant hematological diseases. In particular, the introduction of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) and other target drugs together with new monoclonal antibodies have become agents of choice for both chronic lym phocytic leukemia (CLL) and other peripheral "B" lymphomas such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The results of efficacy against genotoxic therapy are so successful that the end of chemoimmunotherapy, especially for CLL, is already a postulate recognized by the main research groups. On the other hand, the new drugs modified the profile of adverse events, which forced the development of new subspecialties such as cardio-oncology, which currently constitutes a bastion for the rational management of these patients. This review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge on these pathologies, pharmacological principles together with new adverse events of iBTK and the invaluable contribution of cardiology for correct management of these patients.

Clinical experience of a cardio-oncology consultation at a tertiary university hospital in Portugal: An observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Heart disease and cancer are the two leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Advances in cancer screening and management have led to longer survival and better quality of life. Despite this progress, many cancer patients experience cardiovascular complications during and after cancer treatment. This study describes the experience of a cardio-oncology program at tertiary academic hospital. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, cancer patients referred to the CHULN cardio-oncology consultation (COC) between January 2016 and December of 2019 were included. Data collected included: patient demographics, cancer type, reason for referral, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac and oncologic treatments and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 520 patients (mean age: 65 ± 14 years; 65% women) were referred to the COC. The main reasons for referral were suspected heart failure (26%), pre-high risk chemotherapy assessment (20%) and decreased LVEF (15%). Pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors were common (79%) and 309 (59%) were taking cardiac medications. The most common type of malignancy was breast cancer (216, 41%) followed by gastrointestinal (139, 27%). More than half received anthracycline-based regimens (303, 58%). Most patients (401; 77%) successfully completed cancer therapy. At the time of last data collection, the majority of patients were alive (430, 83%). Cardiac-related mortality was observed in 16%. CONCLUSIONS: The close collaboration between cardiology and oncology teams and timely cardiac monitoring was the key to the majority of patients to completing their prescribed cancer therapy.

Cancer patients with acute coronary syndrome have non-superior bleeding risk compared to patients with similar characteristics - a propensity score analysis from the ProACS registry.

INTRODUCTION: The management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in malignancy is challenging due to higher bleeding risk. METHODS: We analyzed patients with cancer (active or in the previous five years) prospectively included in the ProACS registry between 2010 and 2019. Our aim was to assess safety (major bleeding, primary endpoint) and secondary efficacy endpoints (in-hospital mortality and combined in-hospital mortality, reinfarction and ischemic stroke) of ACS treatment. Propensity score matching analysis (1:1) was further performed to better understand predictors of outcomes. RESULTS: We found 934 (5%) cancer patients out of a total of 18 845 patients with ACS. Cancer patients had more events: major bleeding (2.9% vs. 1.5%), in-hospital mortality (5.8% vs. 3.4%) and the combined endpoint (7.4% vs. 4.9%). The primary endpoint was related to cancer diagnosis (OR 1.97), previous bleeding (OR 7.09), hemoglobin level (OR 4.94), atrial fibrillation (OR 3.50), oral anticoagulation (OR 3.67) and renal dysfunction. Mortality and the combined secondary endpoint were associated with lower use of invasive coronary angiography and antiplatelet and neurohormonal blocker therapy. After propensity score matching (350 patients), there were no statistically significant differences in endpoints between the populations. CONCLUSION: Bleeding risk was not significant higher in the cancer population compared to patients with similar characteristics, nor were mortality or ischemic risk. The presence of cancer should not preclude simultaneous ACS treatment.

Cardio-oncology: Understanding the different mechanisms of cardiovascular toxicity.

Due to the success of finding treatments for various types of cancer, overall cancer survival has increased substantially in recent decades. Ironically, the clinical success of antineoplastic therapy is attenuated by the comorbidity of cardiovascular diseases, which appear to be the main complications of intense cancer treatment and are the second main cause of long-term morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors. Cardio-oncology is the new area of cardiology that aims to treat the specific cardiologic status of cancer patients. Most antineoplastic therapies are associated with some degree of cardiovascular toxicity, ranging from asymptomatic and transient cardiac events to clinically significant and long-lasting events. Antineoplastic agents are responsible for different cardiovascular injuries, which can be reversible or permanent. All anatomical structures of the heart can, however, be affected by transthoracic radiotherapy. Cardiotoxicity mechanisms are recognized according to the presence or absence of structural anomalies and their reversibility, being classified into Type I and Type II, aiming to distinguish the drugs that induce irreversible damage (Type I) from the drugs that predominantly induce reversible left ventricular dysfunction (Type II). While anthracyclines and anti-HER2 agents form the two major groups of cardiotoxic drugs, other antineoplastic agents, such as other monoclonal antibodies, certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors and antiangiogenic drugs can also be cardiotoxic via different mechanisms. This article presents the different pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular toxicity according to the treatment regimen used.

Rastreamento, Diagnóstico e Manejo da Fibrilação Atrial em Pacientes com Câncer: Evidências Atuais e Perspectivas Futuras / Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Cancer Patients: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Resumo A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia cardíaca sustentada mais comum na população geral, tendo uma alta carga de morbimortalidade, e isso também é válido para pacientes com câncer. A associação entre FA e câncer vai ainda mais longe, com alguns estudos sugerindo que a FA pode ser um marcador de câncer oculto. Há, no entanto, uma notável escassez de dados sobre os desafios específicos do manejo da FA em pacientes com câncer. O reconhecimento e o manejo imediatos da FA nesta população especial podem diminuir a morbidade relacionada à arritmia e ter um importante benefício prognóstico. Esta revisão se concentrará nos desafios atuais de diagnóstico e manejo da FA em pacientes com câncer, com ênfase especial nas estratégias e dispositivos de rastreamento da FA e na terapia de anticoagulação com anticoagulantes orais não antagonistas da vitamina K (NOACs) para prevenção tromboembólica nesses pacientes. Alguns insights sobre as perspectivas futuras para a prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento da FA nesta população especial também serão abordados.

Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in the general population, carrying a high morbimortality burden, and this also holds true in cancer patients. The association between AF and cancer goes even further, with some studies suggesting that AF can be a marker of occult cancer. There is, however, a remarkable paucity of data concerning specific challenges of AF management in cancer patients. AF prompt recognition and management in this special population can lessen the arrhythmia-related morbidity and have an important prognostic benefit. This review will focus on current AF diagnosis and management challenges in cancer patients, with special emphasis on AF screening strategies and devices, and anticoagulation therapy with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anti-coagulants (NOACs) for thromboembolic prevention in these patients. Some insights concerning future perspectives for AF prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in this special population will also be addressed.

Factores de riesgo de cardiotoxicidad precoz por quimioterapia en pacientes con cáncer de mama / Risk factors for early cardiotoxicity due to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer / Fatores de risco para cardiotoxicidade precoce por quimioterapia em pacientes com câncer de mama

RESUMEN Introducción: la quimioterapia triplica el riesgo de toxicidad miocárdica. Junto con las segundas neoplasias, es la causa más frecuente de mortalidad en pacientes con cáncer de mama con larga supervivencia. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo de cardiotoxicidad precoz por quimioterapia en pacientes con cáncer de mama Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo de cohorte única, con 224 pacientes portadoras de cáncer de mama en tratamiento con quimioterapia seguidas en consulta de cardio-oncologíade la policlínica de especialidades del Hospital Provincial General "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Bayamo, Granma, Cuba, en el periodo comprendido entre 15 de enero de 2019 a 23 marzo de 2021. Los predictores independientes de cardiotoxicidad se obtuvieron usando regresión logística multivariable. Resultados: la prevalencia de cardiotoxicidad fue de 19,2 % con edad media de 60,4 años, desviación estándar 12,7; hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia y otros marcadores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares como diabetes mellitus (riesgo relativo 2,8), cardiopatía hipertensiva (riesgo relativo 7,8), hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (riesgo relativo 3,3)y grasa epicárdica mayor de 6 mm, fueron variables relacionadas significativamente al riesgo de cardiotoxicidad. Conclusiones: cardiopatía hipertensiva, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, diabetes mellitus, edad igual o mayor de 65 años y dislipidemia, incrementaron el riesgo de aparición de cardiotoxicidad y se relacionaron significativamente con ella, por tanto, resultaron ser factores de riesgo con influencia independiente sobre la cardiotoxicidad. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten proyectar estudios de predicción de desarrollo y reversibilidad de cardiotoxicidad en pacientes de alto riesgo que reciban tratamientos cardioprotectores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: chemotherapy triples the risk of myocardial toxicity. Along with second neoplasms, it is the most frequent cause of mortality in long-surviving breast cancer patients. Objective: to identify the risk factors for early cardiotoxicity due to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Methods: a prospective longitudinal study of a single cohort was carried out, with 224 patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy treatment followed up in the cardio-oncology consultation of the specialties polyclinic at the General Provincial Hospital "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes." Bayamo. Granma, Cuba in the period from January 15, 2019 to March 23, 2021. Independent predictors of cardiotoxicity were obtained using multivariate logistic regression. Results: the prevalence of cardiotoxicity was 19.2% with a mean age of 60.4 years, standard deviation 12.7; arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and other risk markers for cardiovascular diseases such as diabetes mellitus (relative risk 2.8), hypertensive heart disease (relative risk 7.8), left ventricular hypertrophy (relative risk 3.3) and epicardial fat greater than 6 mm, were variables significantly related to the risk of cardiotoxicity. Conclusions: hypertensive heart disease left ventricular hypertrophy, Diabetes Mellitus, age ≥65 years and dyslipidemia increased the risk of cardiotoxicity and were significantly related to it, therefore, they turned out to be risk factors with independent influence on cardiotoxicity. The results obtained allow us to plan studies to predict the development and reversibility of cardiotoxicity in high-risk patients receiving cardioprotective treatments.

RESUMO Introdução: a quimioterapia triplica o risco de toxicidade miocárdica. Juntamente com as segundas neoplasias, é a causa mais frequente de mortalidade em pacientes com câncer de mama de longa sobrevida. Objetivo: identificar os fatores de risco para cardiotoxicidade precoce por quimioterapia em pacientes com câncer de mama. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo longitudinal prospectivo de coorte única, com 224 pacientes com câncer de mama em tratamento com quimioterapia acompanhadas na consulta de cardio-oncologia da policlínica de especialidades do Hospital Geral Provincial "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Bayamo, Granma, Cuba, no período de 15 de janeiro de 2019 a 23 de março de 2021. Os preditores independentes de cardiotoxicidade foram obtidos por meio de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: a prevalência de cardiotoxicidade foi de 19,2% com média de idade de 60,4 anos, desvio padrão de 12,7; hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia e outros marcadores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares como diabetes mellitus (risco relativo 2,8), cardiopatia hipertensiva (risco relativo 7,8), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (risco relativo 3,3) e gordura epicárdica maior que 6 mm, foram variáveis ​​significativamente relacionadas ao risco de cardiotoxicidade. Conclusões: cardiopatia hipertensiva, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, diabetes mellitus, idade ≥65 anos e dislipidemia aumentaram o risco de cardiotoxicidade e estiveram significativamente relacionados a ela, portanto, revelaram-se fatores de risco com influencia independente na cardiotoxicidade. Os resultados obtidos permitem planejar estudos para prever o desenvolvimento e a reversibilidade da cardiotoxicidade em pacientes de alto risco recebendo tratamentos cardioprotetores.

Registro OBELISCO-SAC. OBsErvaciones de cLinicas, Instituciones y Servicios de Cardio-Oncología SAC / OBELISCO-SAC Registry. OBsErvations from cLinics, InstitutionS and Cardio-Oncology services SAC

RESUMEN Introducción: La cardio-oncología (CO) es una nueva disciplina, que genera nuevas áreas de trabajo en las instituciones. Desconocemos cuántos equipos de CO existen en nuestro país, su estructura y el manejo de los pacientes. Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo primario es reportar cuántos centros de CO existen en nuestro país, y de ellos cuántos trabajan de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de guías y consensos. Secundariamente, definir la especialidad y formación de los médicos integrantes, si se realiza evaluación de riesgo previo al inicio del tratamiento oncológico, cómo se evalúa la función ventricular y cómo se utilizan los biomarcadores. Material y métodos: Registro nacional, multicéntrico, transversal, descriptivo, y prospectivo que incluyó 51 instituciones generales, de oncología y/o de cardiología que referían poseer grupos de trabajo o servicios de CO. Resultados: De los 51 centros, pertenecen al ámbito público el 47,1% y al privado el 52,9%. El 49% se halla en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, el 17,6% en la Provincia de Buenos Aires y el resto en otros lugares del país. Sobre 47 centros, el 48,9% considera funcionar de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de Guías Internacionales y el Consenso de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología. El 27,7% de los centros realiza siempre estratificación de riesgo cardio-oncológico o cardiovascular antes de iniciar el tratamiento. Un 35,3% de los centros deriva siempre a cardiología a los pacientes que iniciarán un tratamiento potencialmente cardiotóxico, un 47,1% ocasionalmente. El 43,1% de los centros realiza ecocardiografía basal en todos los pacientes, el 56,9% solo en algunos. Durante el seguimiento el ecocardiograma se indica de acuerdo con el esquema utilizado en el 64,7% y en el resto según su evolución. Todos los centros evalúan la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda mediante ecocardiografía, en el 68,1% bidimensional. El 63,8% utiliza el análisis de la deformación longitudinal sistólica global. El 47,1% deriva algunos pacientes a resonancia cardíaca y el 35,3% a tomografía cardíaca. Solo el 7,8% utiliza biomarcadores. El 5,9% indica siempre prevención primaria con antagonistas neurohormonales. El dexrazoxano es utilizado en el 5,9%, la antraciclina liposomal en el 74,5%. Frente a la aparición de cardiotoxicidad, el 76,5% inicia tratamiento cardioprotector. El 41% suspende la quimioterapia, el 47% la modifica. Conclusiones: este es el primer registro nacional de CO. Brinda información y un panorama actual del estado de esta subespecialidad en nuestro país. Casi la mitad de los centros consideró funcionar de acuerdo con Guías y Consensos. Solo un tercio de los pacientes que van a iniciar tratamiento oncológico potencialmente cardiotóxico son derivados a CO. El método más utilizado en nuestro país para evaluar la función ventricular es el ecocardiograma bidimensional, los biomarcadores son poco utilizados.

ABSTRACT Background: Cardio-oncology (CO) is a new discipline that generates new work areas within the institutions. We ignore how many CO teams exist in our country, their structure and how patients are managed. Objectives: Our primary objective is to report how many CO centers exist in our country, and how many of them work according to the recommendations of guidelines and consensus statements. We also want to define the specialty and specific training of the physicians involved, determine if they perform risk assessment before cancer treatment, establish the method used to assess ventricular function and how biomarkers are used. Methods: The OBELISCO registry is a national, multicenter, cross-sectional, descriptive and prospective registry including 51 general hospitals, cancer centers and institutions specialized in cardiology with CO work groups or services. Results: Of the 51 centers, 47.1% were public hospitals and 52.9% were private centers. Most centers were in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (49%) and in the Province of Buenos Aires and the rest were distributed throughout the country. Of 47 centers, 48.9% considered that their institution had CO services complying with the recommendations of international guidelines and of the consensus statement of the Argentine Society of Cardiology. Global cardio-oncological or cardiovascular risk assessment is always performed in 27.7% of the centers before starting treatment. Patients who will start potentially cardiotoxic treatment are always referred to cardiology in 35.3% of the centers and are sometimes referred to cardiology in 47.1%. Baseline echocardiography is performed in all the patients before starting treatment in 43.1% of the centers and only in some patients in 56.9%. During follow-up, echocardiography is indicated according to the treatment schedule used in 64.7% and according to the patients' outcome in the rest of the centers. All the centers evaluate left ventricular ejection fraction with echocardiography, and 68.1% use twodimensional echocardiography. Global longitudinal systolic strain is used in 63.8% of the centers. Only 47.1% order cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in some patients, and 35.3% indicate cardiac computed tomography scan. Biomarkers are used in only 7.8% of the centers. Primary prevention with neurohormonal antagonist drugs is always indicated in 5.9% of the centers. Dexrazoxane is used in only 5.9% and liposomal anthracycline in 74.5% If cardiotoxicity develops, 76.5% indicate cardioprotection, 41% discontinue chemotheraphy and 47% modify cancer treatment. Conclusions: This is the first national CO registry. It provides information and a current outlook of the status of this subspecialty in our country. Almost 50% of the centers considered to be functioning in line with guidelines and consensus statements. Only one third of the patients who will initiate cancer treatment with potentially cardiotoxic drugs are referred to CO. Two-dimensional echocardiography is the method most used in our country to evaluate ventricular function; biomarkers are scarcely used.

Estratificación, monitorización y control del riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con cáncer. Documento de consenso de SEC, FEC, SEOM, SEOR, SEHH, SEMG, AEEMT, AEEC y AECC / Stratification and management of cardiovascular risk in cancer patients. A consensus document of the SEC, FEC, SEOM, SEOR, SEHH, SEMG, AEEMT, AEEC, and AECC

El incremento de la supervivencia del enfermo con cáncer, junto con el desarrollo de nuevas terapias antitumorales, han puesto de relieve el impacto negativo que las complicaciones vasculares asociadas con el tratamiento oncohematológico tienen en la salud cardiovascular del paciente con cáncer. El objetivo de este documento de consenso, promovido por el Grupo de Trabajo de Cardio-oncología de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (SEC) y elaborado conjuntamente con diferentes áreas de conocimiento de la SEC junto con la Sociedad Española de Hematología y Hemoterapia (SEHH), la Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM), la Sociedad Española de Oncología Radioterápica (SEOR), la Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia (SEMG), la Asociación Española de Especialistas en Medicina del Trabajo (AEEMT), la Asociación Española de Enfermería Cardiovascular (AEEC), la Fundación Española del Corazón (FEC) y la Asociación Española contra el Cáncer (AECC), es proporcionar un enfoque coordinado, multidisciplinar y práctico para la estratificación, la monitorización y el tratamiento del riesgo cardiovascular de los pacientes con cáncer. (AU)

Both cancer treatment and survival have significantly improved, but these advances have highlighted the deleterious effects of vascular complications associated with anticancer therapy. This consensus document aims to provide a coordinated, multidisciplinary and practical approach to the stratification, monitoring and treatment of cardiovascular risk in cancer patients. The document is promoted by the Working Group on Cardio Oncology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (SEC) and was drafted in collaboration with experts from distinct areas of expertise of the SEC and the Spanish Society of Hematology and Hemotherapy (SEHH), the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR), the Spanish Society of General and Family Physicians (SEMG), the Spanish Association of Specialists in Occupational Medicine (AEEMT), the Spanish Association of Cardiovascular Nursing (AEEC), the Spanish Heart Foundation (FEC), and the Spanish Cancer Association (AECC). (AU)

Recomendaciones para el manejo de la cardiotoxicidad relacionada con el tratamiento del cáncer. Primera parte / Recommendations for the management of cardiotoxicity related to cancer treatment. Part one / Recomendações para a gestão de cardiotoxicidade relacionada com o tratamento do câncer. Primeira parte

Las nuevas terapias oncológicas han logrado aumentar la sobrevida del paciente con cáncer, observando, sin embargo, un incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad vinculadas a sus efectos secundarios. El desarrollo de eventos cardiovasculares adversos impacta negativamente en el pronóstico durante el tratamiento del cáncer, pero también en los supervivientes al cáncer, donde las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y las segundas neoplasias son la principal causa de muerte1-5. La cardiotoxicidad inducida por el tratamiento del cáncer se define como el conjunto de ECV derivadas de los tratamientos oncológicos. Su manifestación es variada e incluye el desarrollo de disfunción ventricular, insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), isquemia miocárdica, hipertensión arterial y arritmias, entre otras. Puede ser consecuencia tanto del efecto directo del tratamiento sobre la estructura y función cardíacas, como del desarrollo acelerado de ECV6-9. Frecuentemente se utiliza el término cardiotoxicidad como sinónimo de disfunción ventricular por quimioterapia (DV-QT). Dado que la cardiotoxicidad abarca un espectro más amplio de afectación cardiovascular, creemos conveniente hablar de DV-QT para referirnos a la afectación de la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo. La DV-QT y el desarrollo de IC representan una de las complicaciones más temidas por su impacto pronóstico en la esfera cardiovascular y oncológica, dado que limitan el arsenal terapéutico para el tratamiento del cáncer5,10. Han sido creadas diversas sociedades de cardio-onco-hematología con el fin de generar recomendaciones de práctica clínica y formar profesionales capacitados para el manejo de las complicaciones cardiovasculares del tratamiento del cáncer11. La cardio-oncología es una disciplina en creciente y continuo desarrollo. Creemos que es fundamental realizar tareas de formación médica continua, así como también estimular el trabajo conjunto de diversas especialidades para brindar una mejor asistencia. Este texto es el resultado del trabajo de un equipo multidisciplinario que incluye cardiólogos, hematólogos y oncólogos, y pretende brindar información a los integrantes del equipo de salud involucrados en la asistencia de pacientes oncológicos. Debido a su extensión, hemos decidido fraccionar el contenido en tres partes para facilitar su publicación.

New oncological therapies have been successful in increasing cancer patient survival, but they have also led to an increase in morbidity and mortality linked to their side effects. During cancer treatment, the development of cardiovascular side effects has a negative impact in prognosis, but also in cancer survivors, in whom cardiovascular diseases and secondary malignancies are the main cause of death. Cancer related cardiotoxicity is defined as the development of cardiovascular diseases related to cancer treatment. Clinical presentation is broad involving ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, arterial hypertension and arrhythmias among others. This may result from the direct cardiovascular effect of a cancer treatment or accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases. Frequently, in the literature cardiotoxicity and chemotherapy related ventricular dysfunction are used as synonyms. However, cardiotoxicity includes a broad spectrum of cardiovascular manifestations, thus in this text we refer to chemotherapy related ventricular dysfunction as the presence of left ventricular systolic impairment. Chemotherapy related ventricular dysfunction and heart failure are two of the most feared complications of cancer treatment due to its impact on cardiovascular and oncological prognosis, affecting treatment options. Numerous worldwide cardio-onco-hematology societies have emerged to generate clinical practice guidelines and improve the diagnosis and evaluation of cardiovascular cancer treatment side effects. Cardio-Oncology is a discipline in continuous growth and development. We strongly believe that continuum medical education and a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to provide a quality health care. This text is the result of a multidisciplinary work involving cardiologists, hematologists and oncologists. It is our goal to provide information to the health care team involved in the assistance of cancer patients. Due to its extension, it will be published in three parts.

O desenvolvimento de novas terapias oncológicas levou a um aumento na sobrevida dos pacientes, mas ao mesmo tempo traz consigo morbidades relacionadas aos tratamentos. O desenvolvimento de efeitos cardiovasculares adversos tem um impacto negativo no prognóstico dos pacientes em tratamento, bem como nos pacientes considerados curados, nos quais doença cardiovascular e malignidades secundárias são as principais causas de morte. Cardiotoxicidade relacionada ao câncer é definida como o desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular secundária ao tratamento. A gama de apresentações clínicas é ampla, podendo se manifestar como disfunção ventricular, insuficiência cardíaca, isquemia miocárdica, hipertensão arterial, arritmias, entre outras. Isto pode ser resultante de desenvolvimento e progressão acelerados de doença cardiovascular ou por efeito direto das terapias. Frequentemente é dito na literatura que cardiotoxicidade e disfunção ventricular relacionada à quimioterapia são sinônimos. Entretanto, cardiotoxicidade engloba um amplo espectro de manifestações cardiovasculares. Neste texto, portanto, nos referimos à disfunção ventricular causada por quimioterápicos exclusivamente como a presença de disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda. Disfunção ventricular relacionada à quimioterapia e insuficiência cardíaca são duas das mais temidas complicações do tratamento oncológico devido ao seu impacto no prognóstico cardiovascular e oncológico, podendo afetar ainda a escolha e manutenção das opções terapêuticas. Diversas sociedades cardio-onco-hematológicas surgiram ao redor do mundo com o objetivo de gerar diretriz clínicas práticas e melhorar o diagnóstico e tratamento das complicações cardiovasculares resultantes das terapias oncológicas. A cardio-oncologia é uma disciplina em contínuo crescimento e desenvolvimento. Nós acreditamos fortemente que educação médica continuada e uma abordagem multidisciplinar são necessárias para um cuidado médico de qualidade. Este texto é o resultado de um trabalho multidisciplinar envolvendo cardiologistas, hematologistas e oncologistas. Nosso objetivo é de oferecer informação à equipe de cuidados em saúde envolvido na assistência destes pacientes. Devido à sua extensão, este texto será publicado em três partes.

Stratification and management of cardiovascular risk in cancer patients. A consensus document of the SEC, FEC, SEOM, SEOR, SEHH, SEMG, AEEMT, AEEC, and AECC.

Both cancer treatment and survival have significantly improved, but these advances have highlighted the deleterious effects of vascular complications associated with anticancer therapy. This consensus document aims to provide a coordinated, multidisciplinary and practical approach to the stratification, monitoring and treatment of cardiovascular risk in cancer patients. The document is promoted by the Working Group on Cardio Oncology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (SEC) and was drafted in collaboration with experts from distinct areas of expertise of the SEC and the Spanish Society of Hematology and Hemotherapy (SEHH), the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR), the Spanish Society of General and Family Physicians (SEMG), the Spanish Association of Specialists in Occupational Medicine (AEEMT), the Spanish Association of Cardiovascular Nursing (AEEC), the Spanish Heart Foundation (FEC), and the Spanish Cancer Association (AECC).

Recomendaciones para el manejo de la cardiotoxicidad relacionada con el tratamiento del cáncer. Segunda parte / Recommendations for the management of cardiotoxicity related to cancer treatment. Part two / Recomendações para a gestão de cardiotoxicidade relacionada com o tratamento do câncer. Primeira [i.e. Segunda] parte

Las nuevas terapias oncológicas han logrado aumentar la sobrevida del paciente con cáncer, observando, sin embargo, un incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad vinculadas a sus efectos secundarios. El desarrollo de eventos cardiovasculares adversos impacta negativamente en el pronóstico durante el tratamiento del cáncer, pero también en los supervivientes al cáncer, donde las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y las segundas neoplasias son la principal causa de muerte1-5. La cardiotoxicidad inducida por el tratamiento del cáncer se define como el conjunto de ECV derivadas de los tratamientos oncológicos. Su manifestación es variada e incluye el desarrollo de disfunción ventricular, insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), isquemia miocárdica, hipertensión arterial (HTA) y arritmias, entre otras. Puede ser consecuencia tanto del efecto directo del tratamiento sobre la estructura y función cardíacas, como del desarrollo acelerado de enfermedad cardiovascular6-9. Con frecuencia, se utiliza el término cardiotoxicidad como sinónimo de disfunción ventricular por quimioterapia (DV-QT). Dado que la cardiotoxicidad abarca un espectro más amplio de afectación cardiovascular, creemos conveniente hablar de DV-QT para referirnos a la afectación de la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo. La DV-QT y el desarrollo de IC representan una de las complicaciones más temidas por su impacto pronóstico en la esfera cardiovascular y oncológica, dado que limitan el arsenal terapéutico para el tratamiento del cáncer5,10. Han sido creadas diversas sociedades de cardio-onco-hematología con el fin de generar recomendaciones de práctica clínica y formar profesionales capacitados para el manejo de las complicaciones CV del tratamiento del cáncer11. La cardio-oncología es una disciplina en creciente y continuo desarrollo. Creemos que es fundamental realizar tareas de formación médica continua, así como también estimular el trabajo conjunto de diversas especialidades para brindar una mejor asistencia. Este texto es el resultado del trabajo de un equipo multidisciplinario que incluye cardiólogos, hematólogos y oncólogos, y pretende brindar información a los integrantes del equipo de salud involucrados en la asistencia de pacientes oncológicos. Debido a la extensión del presente texto, hemos decidido fraccionar el contenido en tres partes para facilitar su difusión.

New oncological therapies have been successful in increasing cancer patient survival, but they have also led to an increase in morbidity and mortality linked to their side effects. During cancer treatment, the development of cardiovascular side effects has a negative impact in prognosis, but also in cancer survivors, in whom cardiovascular diseases and secondary malignancies are the main cause of death. Cancer related cardiotoxicity is defined as the development of cardiovascular diseases related to cancer treatment. Clinical presentation is broad involving ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, arterial hypertension and arrhythmias among others. This may result from the direct cardiovascular effect of a cancer treatment or accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases. Frequently, in the literature cardiotoxicity and chemotherapy related ventricular dysfunction are used as synonyms. However, cardiotoxicity includes a broad spectrum of cardiovascular manifestations, thus in this text we refer to chemotherapy related ventricular dysfunction as the presence of left ventricular systolic impairment. Chemotherapy related ventricular dysfunction and heart failure are two of the most feared complications of cancer treatment due to its impact on cardiovascular and oncological prognosis, affecting treatment options. Numerous worldwide cardio-onco-hematology societies have emerged to generate clinical practice guidelines and improve the diagnosis and evaluation of cardiovascular cancer treatment side effects. Cardio-Oncology is a discipline in continuous growth and development. We strongly believe that continuum medical education and a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to provide a quality health care. This text is the result of a multidisciplinary work involving cardiologists, hematologists and oncologists. It is our goal to provide information to the health care team involved in the assistance of cancer patients. Due to its extension, it will be divided in three parts.

O desenvolvimento de novas terapias oncológicas levou a um aumento na sobrevida dos pacientes, mas ao mesmo tempo traz consigo morbidades relacionadas aos tratamentos. O desenvolvimento de efeitos cardiovasculares adversos tem um impacto negativo no prognóstico dos pacientes em tratamento, bem como nos pacientes considerados curados, nos quais doença cardiovascular e malignidades secundárias são as principais causas de morte. Cardiotoxicidade relacionada ao câncer é definida como o desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular secundária ao tratamento. A gama de apresentações clínicas é ampla, podendo se manifestar como disfunção ventricular, insuficiência cardíaca, isquemia miocárdica, hipertensão arterial, arritmias, entre outras. Isto pode ser resultante de desenvolvimento e progressão acelerados de doença cardiovascular ou por efeito direto das terapias. Frequentemente é dito na literatura que cardiotoxicidade e disfunção ventricular relacionada à quimioterapia são sinônimos. Entretanto, cardiotoxicidade engloba um amplo espectro de manifestações cardiovasculares. Neste texto, portanto, nos referimos à disfunção ventricular causada por quimioterápicos exclusivamente como a presença de disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda. Disfunção ventricular relacionada à quimioterapia e insuficiência cardíaca são duas das mais temidas complicações do tratamento oncológico devido ao seu impacto no prognóstico cardiovascular e oncológico, podendo afetar ainda a escolha e manutenção das opções terapêuticas. Diversas sociedades cardio-onco-hematológicas surgiram ao redor do mundo com o objetivo de gerar diretriz clínicas práticas e melhorar o diagnóstico e tratamento das complicações cardiovasculares resultantes das terapias oncológicas. A cardio-oncologia é uma disciplina em contínuo crescimento e desenvolvimento. Nós acreditamos fortemente que educação médica continuada e uma abordagem multidisciplinar são necessárias para um cuidado médico de qualidade. Este texto é o resultado de um trabalho multidisciplinar envolvendo cardiologistas, hematologistas e oncologistas. Nosso objetivo é de oferecer informação à equipe de cuidados em saúde envolvido na assistência destes pacientes. Devido à sua extensão, este texto será dividido em três partes.

Disfunción cardiaca subclínica en pacientes oncológicos: reporte de un caso / Subclinical cardiac dysfunction in cancer patients: a case report

RESUMEN La cardiotoxicidad es una entidad clínica relativamente nueva que, en caso de insuficiencia cardiaca, es un marcador de mal pronóstico en sobrevivientes de cáncer que han recibido, con mayor frecuencia, tratamiento con antraciclinas o trastuzumab. En estos pacientes, la detección de la disfunción cardiaca en estadio subclínico permite descubrir precozmente el compromiso miocárdico y evitar un mayor daño al corazón. El incremento de troponina I y los avances tecnológicos en imágenes como el Strain Longitudinal Global permiten detectar esta condición. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 17 años diagnosticada de osteosarcoma en la pierna izquierda y que recibió antraciclinas. En la evaluación cardiovascular fue asintomática, con función ventricular izquierda normal (60 %), strain disminuido (-15 %) y troponina I elevada (115 ng/mL). Se diagnosticó disfunción cardiaca asintomática, y se indicó carvedilol 6,25 mg/día. Luego de 3 meses de tratamiento el strain se normalizó (-20 %) y la troponina I (19 ng/mL). Este caso es un ejemplo de la utilidad de las nuevas unidades de cardio-oncología que permiten evaluar, diagnosticar y tratar precozmente a los pacientes oncológicos, para evitar la cardiotoxicidad y su respectiva mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Cardiotoxicity is a relatively new clinical entity which, in the case of heart failure, is a marker of poor prognosis in cancer survivors who have received more frequent treatments with anthracyclines or trastuzumab. In these patients, detecting a cardiac dysfunction in the subclinical stage allows revealing early myocardial involvement and avoiding further damage to the heart. The increase in troponin I and the technological advances in imaging, such as the global longitudinal strain, enable the detection of this condition. This case report involves a 17-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with osteosarcoma in her left leg and received anthracyclines. In the cardiovascular evaluation, she was asymptomatic, and showed normal left ventricular function (60 %), decreased strain rate (-15 %) and elevated troponin I levels (115 ng/mL). Asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction was diagnosed and carvedilol 6.25 mg/day was prescribed. After 3 months of treatment, the strain rate (-20 %) and troponin I levels (19 ng/mL) returned to normal. This is an example of the usefulness of new cardio-oncology units that allow cancer patients to be evaluated, diagnosed and treated early in order to avoid cardiotoxicity and the resulting mortality.

Bradicardia inducida por quimioterapia en pacientes oncológicos / Chemotherapy-induced bradycardia in oncology patients

Resumen Introducción: cada día se reportan efectos tóxicos de la quimioterapia en el corazón, entre ellos las arritmias; sin embargo, las publicaciones sobre bradicardia ocasionada por antineoplásicos son escasas. Objetivo: describir y analizar la presencia de bradicardia posquimioterapia en el paciente oncológico. Materiales y métodos: estudio no experimental, descriptivo, retrospectivo, en el que se incluyeron pacientes atendidos durante el año 2017 en un Servicio de Cardiología, a causa de bradicardia posquimioterapia. Resultados: se evaluaron 59 pacientes, 31 varones (52,5%) y 28 mujeres (47,5%), con una mediana de edad de 42 años. La mediana de la frecuencia cardiaca fue 46 latidos por minuto. La bradicardia fue más frecuente en leucemia mielocítica aguda (25,42%), seguida por leucemia linfoblástica aguda (20,34%). Fue asintomática en el 88,13% de los casos. Los fármacos quimioterápicos relacionados con bradicardia en leucemia mielocítica aguda fueron la citarabina en combinación con la daunorubicina, mientras que en leucemia linfoblástica aguda fueron la vincristina en combinación con la daunorubicina. Se presentó intervalo QTc largo en 12 casos (20,34%). El tiempo entre quimioterapia y el inicio de la bradicardia fue 24 a 48 horas en 35,6% y la recuperación de la frecuencia cardiaca fue entre 24 a 48 horas en el 61,02%. Conclusiones: la bradicardia sinusal como efecto adverso de la quimioterapia, es más frecuente en la leucemia mielocítica aguda, mientras que los medicamentos antineoplásicos relacionados con la bradicardia más comunes fueron la citarabina y la daunorubicina.

Abstract Introduction: There are daily reports of the toxic effects of chemotherapy on the heart, among them are the arrhythmias. However, there are very few publications on bradycardia caused by anti-neoplastic treatment. Objective: To describe and analyse the presence of post-chemotherapy bradycardia in the oncology patient. Materials and methods: A non-experimental, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted on patients seen during the year 2017 in a Cardiology Department due to post-chemotherapy bradycardia. Results: A total of 59 patients were evaluated, of whom 31 (52.5%) were males and 28 (47.5%) women, and with a median age of 42 years. The median heart rate was 46 beats per minute. The bradycardia was more common in acute myelocytic leukaemia (25.42%), followed by acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (20.34%). It was asymptomatic in 88.31% of cases. The chemotherapy drugs associated with bradycardia in acute myelocytic leukaemia were cytarabine in combination with daunorubicin, whilst in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia they were vincristine in combination with daunorubicin. A prolonged QTc interval was present in 12 (20.34%) of cases. The time between the chemotherapy and the onset of bradycardia was 24 to 48 hours in 35.6%, and the recovery of the heart rate was between 24 and 48 hours in 61.02%. Conclusions: Sinus bradycardia as an adverse effect of chemotherapy is more frequent in acute myelocytic leukaemia, whilst the most common anti-neoplastic drugs associated with bradycardia were cytarabine and daunorubicin.

Atrial Fibrillation in Active Cancer Patients: Expert Position Paper and Recommendations.

Improvements in survival among cancer patients have revealed the clinical impact of cardiotoxicity on both cardiovascular and hematological and oncological outcomes, especially when it leads to the interruption of highly effective antitumor therapies. Atrial fibrillation is a common complication in patients with active cancer and its treatment poses a major challenge. These patients have an increased thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risk but standard stroke prediction scores have not been validated in this population. The aim of this expert consensus-based document is to provide a multidisciplinary and practical approach to the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with active cancer. This is a position paper of the Spanish Cardio-Oncology working group and the Spanish Thrombosis working group, drafted in collaboration with experts from the Spanish Society of Cardiology, the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology, the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology, and the Spanish Society of Hematology.